Multidrug resistant bacteria

Some mdr strains are able to actively diffuse within human populations, within animal populations, or both. Some can also persist in environmental reservoirs, from which patients or animals can be contaminated. Because of this complex landscape, identification of the transmission pathways that eventually lead to small or large infection outbreaks may be challenging, especially when involving clones able to survive or thrive in multiple ecosystems. Spatio-temporal analysis of the diffusion of such clones is therefore essential to implement appropriate control measures. Given that antibiotic resistance can be transmitted among bacteria through horizontal gene transfers, mobile genetic elements such as plasmids and ICEs (Integrative Conjugative Elements) must also be included in epidemiological surveys.

1. Transmissible clones of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as Campylobacters and Helicobacter pylori are prone to accumulate resistance mechanisms up to becoming refractory to most antibiotic treatments. These so-called “high-risk” clones need to be detected and their diffusion carefully surveyed at the local (healthcare facilities), regional, national and international levels. Through cgMLST, and SNP analyses, the ABRomics platform will efficiently compare and dissect the genome sequences of clinical and environmental strains isolated during presumed hospital or veterinary clinic outbreaks, or exhibiting particular resistance traits (e.g., carbapenem or colistin resistance). The platform will be open to single users (e.g., medical biologists, researchers) or institutions (e.g., NRCs) with access to metagenomic data depending upon the authorization level. Based on these inputs, an interactive map of emergent or known “high-risk” clones will be drawn in real-time, and a warning made for confirmed cases of outbreak.

2. Self-transmissible and mobilizable plasmids carrying relevant ARGs (e.g., encoding carbapenemase, ESBL or colistin resistance) need to be traced in order to document their prevalence and diffusion across bacterial strains or species. The plasmid content of mdr strains of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa and Campylobacters will thus be systematically characterized (e.g., plasmid size, genes, incompatibility group, predicted transmissibility) from the genomic data submitted to the ABRomics platform. A comprehensive plasmid database will next be constructed in order to improve our knowledge of resistance replicons diffusing in different reservoirs and different geographic areas. Presence of specific virulence genes on plasmids will be screened and reported to the platform’s users.

• Preliminary issue: Confirmation of species identification
• Issue 1: Identification of bacterial clones involved in outbreaks
• Issue 2: Identification of resistance and virulence determinants 
• Issue 3: Spatio-temporal analysis of resistance spread

1. Submission of the dataset: paired-end short reads, metadata and AST data
2. Quality of reads: trimming and assessment of the quality of reads
3. Taxonomic classification: classification of reads among taxon using a taxonomic database, and detection of bacterial contaminants
4. Assembly of whole genome sequences and assessment of the quality of the assemblies by standard indexes (N50, Depth, etc…)
5. Clonal relationships among bacterial isolates: computing of sequences types (MLST) and core genome alleles (cgMLST), and update of corresponding databases if needed;  construction of  dendrograms and associated distance matrix from cgMLST data, and identification of closely related strains using thresholds
6. Detection of genes or SNPs associated with resistance and virulence; characterization of plasmids;  assessment of quality detection (depth, coverage, identity and allele fraction); update ABR and virulence databases if required
7. Spatio-temporal analysis: generate spatio-temporal views (i.e., nextstrain) of data selected by the user among sequence types, core genome clusters, resistance mechanisms, virulence genes, AST data and metadata  
8. Submission of annotated genomes to ENA/GenBank 

Workflow for sequencing data analysis in UC1 using ABRomics tools and DB

Deliverable 1: quality controls about the sequences, the assemblies

Deliverable 2: resistome and virulome of MDR strains

Deliverable 3: clonality relationships of MDR strains

Deliverable 4: spatio-temporal distribution of resistotypes, pathotypes and associated metadata

Deliverable 5: benchmarking about strain molecular typing and ABR gene detections